Theme Of Integrity In To Kill A Mockingbird - 969 Words

Integrity is a necessity for the development of human and societal structures. Each and every member of society must possess the value of integrity in order to have a properly functioning community. In both the historical fictions called, To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee and The Power of One directed by John G.Avildsen, there are two dynamic characters, who, instead of following social norms blindly, critically think virtuously. In To Kill a Mockingbird Atticus does not bend towards the will of society, but rather challenges it for the sake of justice. As does P.K. from The Power of One, who faces oppression and death on a daily basis to fight for his own set of beliefs. Between the two of them, integrity is seen within the†¦show more content†¦But remember this, no matter how bitter things get, they’re still our friends and this is still our home,† ( Lee, 76 ). By stating that he can not be selective about his cases and that he must uphold the law a t all times, Atticus shows Scout that he will not compromise his integrity for the sake of his community; furthermore, Atticus will not bend his moral code even for those closest to him. This shows the magnitude of how far Atticus is willing to go to not stray from his morals and emphasizes how necessary he finds it to stay true to himself . This also alludes to the abstract idea that he is willing to sacrifice himself in order to follow his sense of integrity and avoid undermining it. When the town’s men gather at the jail Tom is residing in, they come armed with weapons for their â€Å"snipe hunt† (Lee 151), to ensure that Tom does not make it to his trial. Atticus, who is standing there as Tom’s shield, does not waver in front of the mob of angry white men. Instead, he is ready to fight for his beliefs. Scout describes the scene unfolding before her as: â€Å"somebody’s man would get jumped† (Lee 152), that man being Atticus. This illustrates the image as to how far their society is ideologically split. The town’s men blindly direct their anger towards the black sheep of the herd, while Atticus stands beside the black sheep proudly. Although Atticus recognizes the relationship he has with his town, because of hisShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Symbolism In To Kill A Mockingbird791 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a multi-faceted novel which explores the principles and morals of people in the South during the 1930s. Mockingbirds are symbolic of the people that society abuse. Lee narrates the events of the novel using Scout’s voice and uses this technique to add emotional context and develop themes. Themes of racial and classist prejudice are developed by Lee to challenge the reader. These techniques are all powerful ways to alter the views of the reader. MockingbirdsRead MoreMoral Values And Life Lessons On The Eyes Of Scout, By Harper Lee1305 Words   |  6 Pageswhen the novel was written. To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee the iconic novel exposes timeless themes and issues which are just as relevant today as they were when the novel was written. The novel follows the eyes of Scout, a young girl. She observes many timeless issues and begins to comprehend the value of her morals. It is through the townspeople of Maycomb that timeless themes are exposed. To Kill A Mockingbird is a timeless novel because of the universal themes, moral values and life lessonsRead MoreKill A Mockingbird : A Historical Fiction Book Written By Harper Lee1650 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a historical fiction book written by Harper Lee. Scout Finch and her brother Jem Finch live in sleepy Maycomb County Alabama around the 1930s. The pair soon meet Dill, the nephew of Aunt Rachel, who becomes their summer friend. They soon become obsessed with their mysterious neighbor who seldom is seen in public, named Boo Radley. Their father, Atticus, is one of the town lawyers who takes on case that changes the children’s lives. This culminatesRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Trial Analysis1076 Words   |  5 PagesSignificant incidents in a text are deliberately chosen to highlight a flaw in society or to express the composer’s concerns. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) ignites this notion as she purposefully chooses Tom Robinson’s trial to be the climax of the text where the flaws in society become highlighted. The trial and what happens during the trial does have some parallels to Lee’s purpose of exposing the race relations in the Southern states of America to her audience of the 1960s in theRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird955 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they aren’t â€Å"normal†. Society can fight back, they don’t have to accept this hatred that prevails throughout the world. Everybody just needs to have courage, integrity and tolerance, the necessary traits to help end the discrimination that is in the world, which Harper Lee shows perfectly in To Kill a Mockingbird. One of the main themes in this book is courage. It is repeatedly mentioned and emphasized throughout the book. In this book Atticus, a white man, defends a black man in the 1930’s, whereRead More To Kill a Mocking Bird - Maturation Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on how an individual matures. Additionally, family members greatly help each other develop into moral adults by instilling in each other values that will ultimately determine an individual’s character. In Harper Lee’s timeless classic, To Kill a Mockingbird, the constant reiteration of Atticus Finch’s values, in conjunction with the exposure to significant events, assist in Jem and Scout’s maturation into virtuous adolescents. Throughout the novel, Atticus’ assistance to Jem and Scout’s developmentRead MoreEvaluation of to Kill a Mockingbird Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesdespicable and disposable. Atticus, however, whose integrity and character is rare, wholeheartedly attended to the case despite the wide spread racism of that time. Incorporating a sentimental and thought provoking plot, combined with exceptional cinematography and award winning performances, To Kill A Mockingbird, is a timeless story of character, prejudice, and a coming of age. Based on the classic novel, by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird, is set in a small Alabama town in the 1930s. ThisRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee- an essay on how justice and injustice is represented in the novel.1482 Words   |  6 Pageslevellers, and in our courts all men are created equal. Describe and explain how justice and injustice are represented through events and characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. Justice, what is right and fair by all of societys standards and morals, is represented, along with injustice, through events and characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. ...in this country our courts are the great levellers, and in our courts all men are created equal. (Atticus, pg227). One type of justice is the legal kindRead MoreCourage in To Kill a Mockingbird898 Words   |  4 Pages An idea that recurs in or pervades a work of art of literature can be referred to as a â€Å"Theme†. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly. Theme is an important part of fictional stories. Several themes are presented in the novel to kill a mocking bird. One of the reoccurring themes in to kill a mockingbird is courage. Courage is when you know you’re beaten. The character Atticus, for instance, who was a seasoned lawyerRead MoreHow The World Has Changed Through The Eyes Of The People1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthey are written now. â€Å"An author s purpose is the reason an author decides to write about a specific topic. The author must decide whether his purpose for writing is to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain his ideas to the reader. In To Kill a Mockingbird it takes place in Alabama during the Depression, and is narrated by the main character, a little girl named Jean Louise Scout Finch. The story shows how a small town lawyer can make a big difference in a racist community. The Help takes place

Outsourcing and Negotiation in Project Management Free Essays

The prevailing tendency of organizations is to concentrate on core activities and opt to outsource those activities which are considered to be noncore. 1) Discuss the concept of outsourcing, reason behind outsourcing and its challenges. Outsourcing is the act of one company contracting with another company to provide services that might otherwise be performed by in house employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Outsourcing and Negotiation in Project Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often, the tasks that are outsourced could be performed by the company itself, but in many cases there are financial advantages that come from outsourcing. Many large companies now outsource jobs such as call centre services, email services and payroll. These jobs are handled by separate companies that specialize in each service. Outsourcing is therefore, the process of contracting an existing business function or process of an organization to another independent organization and ceasing to perform that function or process internally, instead, purchasing it as a service. Reasons for Outsourcing i. Cost reduction/Cost Savings- outsourcing cuts costs such as labour costs, regulatory costs and training costs. Most companies that provide outsourcing services are able to do the work for considerably less money as they don’t have to provide benefits to their workers and have fewer overhead expenses to worry about. ii. Focus on Core Business- companies are able to focus their money and resources more towards improving the core aspects of their business when outsourced. this allows the outsourcing company to build onto its core functions that keep the business running smoothly. iii. Access to more Knowledge, Talent and Experience- outsourcing means contracting to an organization that is more specialized in a particular area, e. . , payroll services. this means that the process that is outsourced will be performed in a more efficient and effective manner hence improved services. iv. Increased profits- due to the fact that some services or processes are outsourced at a cheaper cost, it means that the services/products a company offers will also be provided at an affordable price hence hig her revenues. Cost savings and reduction also increases the profits. Challenges of Outsourcing i. Eliminates direct communication between a company and its clients especially in instances where customer service has been outsourced. This may prevent a company from building solid relationships with their customers which can lead to dissatisfaction. ii. The danger of not being able to control some aspects of a company which have been outsourced which can lead to delayed communication and project implementation. In turn, this can cause a company to become highly dependent on its outsource providers which can cause problems or complications should the outsource provider back out on the contract for one reason or another. iii. Any sensitive information is more vulnerable as there is reduced confidentiality and also the risk of leakage. Outsourcing means that some information needs to be shared with the outsource provider hence confidentiality is compromised. 2) Discuss the significance of negotiation and its approaches to achieve procurement objectives, factors influencing buyer negotiations, strengths and weaknesses of negotiation styles. Negotiation is dialogue between 2 or more people or parties intended to reach an understanding, resolve point of difference or gain advantage in outcome so as to satisfy various interests of the negotiating parties. It is therefore mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction or agreement. It is a process where each party involved in negotiating tries to gain an advantage for themselves by the end of the process. Negotiation is intended to aim at compromise. Approaches to Negotiation i. Structural Approach Structural approaches consider negotiated outcomes to be a function of the characteristics or structural features that define each particular negotiation. These characteristics may include features such as the number of parties and issues involved and the composition or relative power of the competing parties. In this approach, there’s an emphasis on the means parties bring to a negotiation. Power is thus the central determining factor in negotiation. In this view, the relative power of each negotiating party affects his/her ability to secure their individual goals. However, other factors such as negotiating skills can play a key role in shaping negotiated outcomes. Therefore, victory in negotiations does not always go to the party that is more powerful. Another limitation of structural approaches is their emphasis on taking positions. Negotiators should be aware that a blind attachment to winning from a negotiation regardless of the resulting satisfaction of other parties, can be a poor long term strategy if it means that the other side will lose its will or ability to maintain its side of the negotiated agreement. ii. Strategic Approach Here, the emphasis is on the role of ends (goals) in determining outcomes. Negotiators are viewed as rational decision makers with known alternatives who make choices guided by their calculation of which option will maximize their ends or gains. Actors choose from a choice set of possible actions in order to try and achieve desired outcomes. It’s grounded in the belief that there is one best solution to every negotiation problem hence look for best solutions from all perspectives of a negotiation. iii. Behavioural Approach Behavioural approaches emphasize the role that negotiators’ personalities or individual characteristics play in determining the course and outcome of negotiated agreements. It explains negotiations as interactions between personality types. It therefore, highlights human tendencies, emotions and skills. It may emphasize the role played by arts of persuasion, attitudes, trust, perception or misperception, individual motivation and personality in negotiated outcomes. iv. Integrative Approach Negotiations are viewed as interactions with win-win potential. It looks for ways of creating value so that there is more to share between parties as a result of negotiation. Uses objective criteria, looks to create conditions of mutual gain and emphasizes the importance of exchanging information between parties and group problem solving. It thus calls for participants to work jointly to create win-win solutions. It involves uncovering interests, generating options and searching for commonalities between parties. Objectives of Negotiation for Procurement 1. Obtain the quality specified- through negotiation, buyers and suppliers are able to reach a consensus on quality required for the products/services. 2. Obtain a fair and reasonable price. 3. Create a long term partnership with a highly qualified supplier- through negotiation, an organization is able to identify which supplier it best relates with hence creating a long term relationship. 4. To get the supplier to perform the contract on time- delivery date schedule for quantity and quality specified should be realistic. It’s important that buyers negotiate delivery schedules which suppliers can realistically meet without endangering other requirements of the purchase. 5. To exert control over the manner in which the contract is performed- buyers need to negotiate for controls which will assure compliance with the quality, quantity, delivery and service terms of the contract. Factors Influencing Buyer Negotiations 1. Type of Buyer All buyers are not equal. Buyers have different acquisition objectives, growth and competitive pressures, availability of capital and the attendant costs, risk tolerance and adeptness at negotiating deals that will impact the amount they are willing to spend on procurement. 2. General Attractiveness of the Company Naturally, an asking price that is below market valuation will make a supplier more attractive. Also, an asking price that is in close proximity to a company’s fair market valuation is also attractive. Therefore, factors that make a supplier attractive include: †¢ Strong management A strong balance sheet †¢ High growth rate †¢ Leadership or dominance in the market Such factors will attract buyers since the supplier will be viewed as dependable or reliable. 3. Financial Parameters A buyer’s financial parameters that determine what to be paid include: internal cash available for procurement and the amount they are willing to invest in a single procurement deal. 4. Relative Negotiation Skill and Bargaining Leverage of the Parties As a buyer, the amount of money you will pay will be influenced by your negotiation skills, bargaining leverage and time constraints. For example, if the products/services are required urgently, then you might not have enough time to bargain for a good deal. Ultimately, the greatest power possessed by both the buyer and seller is to walk away or end the negotiation process. 5. Buyer’s Experience with Prior Suppliers The amount of money that a buyer is willing to pay is influenced by prior experience. If the buyer paid a high price in the past and the supplier failed to deliver, they will think long and hard before offering an overly generous price and vice versa. 6. Inherent Risk Factors and the Buyer’s Tolerance Risk can be defined as the possibility of a bad outcome or the uncertainty of a desired outcome. Tolerance of risk is a buyer’s willingness to accept and manage risks that can come about say due to a delayed or even failed delivery. When it comes to negotiation, the biggest risk is overpayment then the product/service procured does not meet the specifications or is not even delivered. 7. General Market and Economic Conditions Economic and market conditions strongly influence buyers. Favourable economic conditions means that buyers are willing to spend more; unfavourable economic conditions means that buyers will reduce on their spending. 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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God free essay sample

Jonathan Edwards favored the idea of the old strict Puritan teachings that place emphasis on people to live out hard and simple lives for God. In his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, he addresses the issues of man as a sinner and Gods resentment toward those sinners. Each sentence in his sermon aims for catching the congregations attention in which he hopes to instill guilt and fear out of the people. Edwards uses a variety of persuasive techniques, including phrases, simple metaphors, and similes to persuade sinners to repent, in order to be saved and not be damned to Hell for eternity. To attract the audiences attention, Edwards begins his sermon to the congregation by stating, There is nothing between you and Hell but the air; it is only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up. He conveys that there is no guarantee the people will not be dropped into the flames at any given moment, should God so decide. During his sermon Jonathan Edwards used vivid imagery and descriptions to make his congregation see that hell was a real place. To make the congregation see just how close to hell they truly were Edwards stated, â€Å"That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone is extended aboard under you (Cox). † He also wanted them to realize that the longer they went without Christ, the heavier they would become. â€Å"Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downward with great weight and pressure toward hell (Westerfield). † The ground beneath them would give way under the weight of their wickedness and they would plunge into hell where the Devil would be ready for them. The Devil is waiting for them, hell is gaping, for them, the flames gather and flash about them and would fain lay hold on them, and swallow them up (Smolinski 11). † If the descriptions of hell and the Devil weren’t enough, Edwards also used the power and wrath of a vengeful God to strike fear into the hearts of the unconverted in the crowd at Enfield. The sheer magnitude of God’s power is shown in the line â€Å"There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any one moment, out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God (Gallagher). Edwards instilled fear into the congregation by threatening the vengeance of God, â€Å"He will crush you under his feet without mercy, he’ll crush out your blood, and make it fly, and it shall be sprinkled on his garments (Trapp). † As more and more people chose not to follow Christ, God becomes angry and his wrath continues to grow. The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher, till an outlet is given; and the longer the stream is stopped, the more rapid and mighty is its course once it is let loose (Baym et al. 99). Edwards sought to show the congregation their desperate need for God’s grace, impressing the crowd with what he perceived as the power of truth. Before ending his sermon, Edwards appeals to the unconverted in the congregation with the hope of salvation from a sovereign God. Edwards continues, â€Å"And now you have an extraordinary opportunity (Rogers 11). †Ã¢â‚¬ You are in a day where Christ has thrown the door of mercy wide open, and stands calling and crying with a loud voice to poor sinners (Rogers 11). â€Å"Let everyone of you who is still without Christ, and hanging over the pit of hell, whether they be old men and women, or middle aged, or young people, or little children, now listen to the loud calls of God’s word and providence (Copeland et al. 228). † Edwards’ final line was a call for the congregation to look back on the depths of damnation through which they had traveled-leaving the valley of hell and returning to the mountain heights of the Devine perspective, the heights from which the hope of salvation could be properly understood and embraced (Stuart 58). Stephen Williams, an eyewitness in Enfield, wrote in his diary â€Å"before the sermon was done there was a great moaning and crying went through ye whole house, ‘What shall I do to be saved,’ ’Oh, I am going to Hell,’ ’Oh, what shall I do for Christ,’ and so forth. So yet ye minister was obliged to desist, ye shrieks and cries were piercing and amazing (Farley). † Though his sermon caused many to fear him, Jonathan Edwards’ ultimate goal was to convert the sinners and nonbelievers in the congregation and lead them into salvation. Edwards hoped the imagery and message of his sermon would awaken his audience. His underlying point was that God had given humanity a chance to rectify their sins. Edwards ended his sermon with one final appeal, Therefore let everyone that is out of Christ, now awake and fly from the wrath to come. To modern readers â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† may appear to be the work of a sadistic, wide-eyed radical or a fear-monger, but the sermon is actually a reflection of the cruel and puritanical time in which Edwards lived and preached. Works Cited Baym et at. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Volume 1, Beginnings to 1865. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, Inc. 2008. Copeland, Lewis, Lawrence Lamm, and Stephen McKenna. The World’s Greatest Speeches. Fourth Enlarged Edition. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1999. Cox, Brandon. â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. † 2009. Retrieved from www. brandonacox. com, February 01, 2013. Farley, William P. â€Å"Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening. † Enrichment Journal. Springfield: The General Council of the Assemblies of God. 013. Retrieved from http://enrichmentjournal. ag. org, February 10,2013. Gallagher, Edward. â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Some Unfinished Business. † Department of English, Lehigh University. Retrieved from www. lehigh. edu , January 31, 2013. Rogers, Henry. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, A. M. : With an Essay on His Genius and Writings, Volume 2. London: Ball, Arnold, and Co. 1840. Pr int. Smolinski, Reine. â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. A Sermon Preached at Enfield, July 8th, 1741. † (1741).

Internal Controls

Introduction Chorafas (2001) notes â€Å"Internal Control is a dynamic system covering all types of risk, addressing fraud, assuring transparency, and making possible reliable financial reporting. Beyond risks, internal control goals are the preservation of assets, account reconciliation, and compliance.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Controls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Limitations of ABC Co.’s Internal Control System The internal control system is designed to identify and avert fraud, material misstatements and errors and omissions. However it can only offer reasonable guarantee that there isn’t material misstatement in the financial statements. No internal control system, however elaborate, can be by itself guarantee efficient administration and completeness and accuracy of the records nor can it be proof against fraudulent collusion, especially on the part of those holding positions of authority and trust. This is mainly due to the following inherent limitations of an internal control system: (a) Management has to ensure that the benefits expected from an internal control system outweigh the costs. As a result certain important controls might not be put in place due to the costs involved. E.g. a small entity might not have the resources to employ sufficient staff to ensure proper segregation of duties. (Spencer Pickett, 2010). (b) Most internal controls tend to be directed towards routine transactions rather than non-routine transactions. This leaves gaps that can be exploited. (c) Human error due to carelessness, distraction, mistakes of judgment and misunderstanding instructions could undermine the internal control system. 2 examples of Internal Control Procedures and their implementation â€Å"Control procedures† means those policies and procedures (in addition to the control environment) which management has established to achieve the ent ity’s specific objectives. Specific internal control procedures include:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arithmetical and accounting control These are procedures within the accounting function, which check that transactions are authorized, correctly and accurately recorded. This is aimed at ensuring completeness and accuracy of the accounting records. These procedures can be implemented through the following ways: (Godwin 2010) Use of standardized documentation, raised at every stage of the transaction. Use of pre-numbered documents. Documents should be issued in sequence. Monitor movement of documents by use of a register. Production of exceptional reports for example when a local purchase order has been raised and the order has not been fulfilled by the supplier. Reconciliation between the different accounts and related control accounts. Segregation of duties This refers to the separation of the various duties and responsibilities such that one person cannot process and record complete transactions from beginning to the end without being checked by another person. For example, in the purchase of a company’s fixed assets, a single individual should not authorize the purchase, place the order, receive the asset and record the transaction in the accounting records. This is aimed at minimizing the risk of error and/or intentional manipulation of information. In this regard, for every transaction the following functions should be performed by different individuals and departments as much as possible and practicable. This is how this procedure is implemented: Initiation Authorization – different levels of management should be given authority limits as to what they can authorize or commit the company’s resources. The authority limit should depend on the position, integrity, qualifications and competence. Execution – tra nsactions should be carried out by persons independent from those who authorize the transactions. If one person authorizes expenditure a different person should execute. Custody of the asset – officials authorizing/executing a transaction should not have custody to the assets arising out of the transaction. Recording Segregation of duties also covers internal check which refers to the activities of one person must be complementary to the activities of another or subjected to independent checking. Symptoms of a lack of Internal Control Signs that an internal control system may be lacking include (but are not limited to) such factors as: management failing to exercise appropriate due care and correct supervision of staff. â€Å"These symptoms can be identified by missing documentation and identified errors in the account balances; and the lack of a company-wide ethics policy.† (Herrera 2010). Another sign that indicates a lack of internal control is that lack of segrega tion of duties is evident. This consequently implies that members of staff have access to tasks (and are performing them) and this is causing contradictions in the regular allotted duties. Impact of ABC Co.’s missing journal entry on their financial statements If the company has to pay insurance of $1500 in January, for example, but in real sense it is for the 3 months that follow, it becomes an expense because of the journal entry that is missing. These errors of omission usually result in erroneous ratio analyses which consequently cause management to make unsuitable decisions based on financial information that contains inaccuracies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Controls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Horngren et al (1999) notes that â€Å"†¦the balance sheet shows less than accurate current assets and the income statement shows that there are more expenses incurred than there actua lly are. Adjusting entry will be required, but the statements during the last three months were deficient† References Chorafas, D.N. (2001). Implementing and auditing the internal control system. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Godwin, N., et al. (2010). Financial ACCT. Stamford, CT: Cengage. Spencer, H., Pickett, J. M. (2010). The Internal Audit Handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. This essay on Internal Controls was written and submitted by user Fletcher Simmons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bottle Rockets essays

Bottle Rockets essays To start this semester we started off with a bottle rocket project. This project lead us to become more educated with Newtons laws of motion. The bottle rockets also lead you to learn about mass, force, and acceleration. As you know the first law of motion is that if objects at rest will stay at rest, or objects in motion will stay in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Well in order for the rocket to lift off it will need force applied to it. It is required to add water for your rocket and you dont want to add too much because then the rocket will be too heavy. As you told us in class the best thing to do is add a little at a time and test it. You want your rocket to be stable. The height and weight do matter but test as mush as possible to be sure it will work. The second law of motion is the acceleration of an object is directly related to the force applied on the object and oppositely related to the mass of the object. So this is based on the speed of the rocket. And the speed is also involved in what the weight of the rocket is and the force it has from the water. Because the mass and acceleration is being forced going up. The rocket needs enough force in order for it to take off. You cant have a huge mass and not enough force, because it will not work. And the third law of motion is, for every action there is always an opposite and equal reaction. So then when you have your rocket on the launch pad and all ready then its determining on the motion of the rocket being equal to and opposite from the nozzle. Like if the rocket goes one way and the water goes the other way. You want it to be centered and balanced. Figuring on how many times you have tested it will and can improve on your final launches. And then you will have a bigger idea on how the water being forced down is going to equal the force when the bottle goes up. And as conclusion, your best idea was a ...

Hurrah for the Lowly BUG

Hurrah for the Lowly BUG Hurrah for the Lowly BUG Hurrah for the Lowly BUG By Maeve Maddox When I lived in England, my colleagues quickly taught me that I must say insect (not bug) unless I specifically meant bed-bug. In the U.S., bug applies to every conceivable type of insect. Bug also does duty as both noun and verb in many contextsand not only in the U.S. NOTE: When I pick up quotations from the web, I dont edit them. Police bugged a safe house where Rosemary West stayed before she was charged with murder but she said nothing that incriminated herself, Winchester Crown Court was told yesterday. Will Bennett in The Independent (UK) I dont think surround sound headphones is a gimmick or only for the hardcore gaming i recenlty brought a pair so i can watch a full hd movvie with surround wuthout bugging the neighbours when a car blows up at 3 in the morning. Australian Forum user A bug tracking system is a software application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. It may be regarded as a sort of issue tracking system. Wikipedia The most important part of reporting a bug is giving the programmer the ability to duplicate the bug on his machine. If we cannot find a bug, we cannot fix it. tech advice site Someone needs to put a bug in Coach Gs ear about this guy comment on sports blog They say the spell that he gets under From double-barrelled thunder makes his Eyes bug out like hes insane song lyrics The word bug as applied to scary insects probably derives from M.E. bugge something frightening, scarecrow, a meaning obsolete except in bugbear. The bogey-man [boogy-man in my family] is related. The words application to insects may have been influenced by an Old English word meaning beetle. Bug as a Noun bug defect in a machine may have been coined by Thomas Edison. jitterbug a swing dance of the 1930s. Also used as a verb. humbug - trick, joke, hoax. Dates from 18th century student slang and no one says it anymore. However, if youve read or seen A Christmas Carol by Dickens, you know the word. Bug as a Verb The verb to bug, equip with a concealed recording device entered the language as long ago as 1919. debug remove defects from a machine or software to bug meaning to annoy dates from 1949. to bug meaning to bulge dates from 1870s and may derive from a variant pronunciation of the word bulge. bug off go away! 1950s; derived from British slang bugger off, Bug as a Suffix The suffix -bug added to a word can create a noun meaning a person obsessed with Firebug, a fire-setter dates from 1841. Shutterbug, picture-taking enthusiast, 1940. litterbug irresponsible person who drops trash anywhere first recorded 1947, but the verb littering came later, in 1960. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesDisappointed + PrepositionWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Art of Tattooing in North America and Europe Essay

Art of Tattooing in North America and Europe - Essay Example In 1991, a five thousand year old frozen body of a man was discovered on a mountain between Austria and Italy. This body displayed in all 58 tattoos though these were only simple dots and little lines. The oldest known picture tattoos were found when archeologists, just after the Second World War, excavated a long row of graves of frozen and perfectly preserved bodies in the Altai Mountains of Southern Siberia. These were the bodies of the Scythians who were a nomadic group renowned for their creativity. In comparison, the Chieftain's tattoos represented different totem and game animals. The Vikings, who travelled up the Russian rivers and met the Scythians in Scandinavia, were influenced by the Scythians in the way they worked their crafts and tattoos. The body art among the Scythians and the Vikings reflected the designs found in their wood carvings, embroidery, weaving, leather and metal work. The significance of tattoos on a body has undergone several changes over the centuries. The practice of tattooing has meant different things in different cultures. Decoration appears to have been the most common motive for tattooing during the entire period. It was stated by Professor Konrad Spindler of Innsbruck University that the tattoo marks on the body of the Bronze Age man found in 1991 suggested that they were probably applied for therapeutic reasons. In some cultures, tattoos also served as identification of the wearer's rank or status in a group. For example, the early Romans tattooed slaves and criminals. Tahitian tattoos served as rites of passage, telling the history of the wearer's life. Boys reaching manhood received one tattoo to mark the occasion, while men had another style done when they married. Among a tribe named Roro tribes, when a girl was considered to be of marriageable age, the buttocks, the legs and the face were tattooed (Hambly, 31). Instances of body ma rking deemed to be of religious import were those connected with ideas of survival after death, prayer, sacrifice and communion (Hambly, 26). Later on, Sailors travelling to exotic foreign lands began to collect tattoos as souvenirs of their journeys resulting in establishment of tattoo parlors in port cities around the globe. In the 1900s, cosmetic tattooing became popular in the United States using it as blush for cheeks, color for the lips and eyeliners. With the World War, the flash art images changed to those of bravery and wartime icons. (https://www.msu.edu/krcmari1/individual/world.html) It is not only the motive behind tattooing that has changed over the years, but also has the designs and methods of performing this art. In North and South America, many Indian tribes routinely tattooed the body or the face by simple pricking, and some tribes in California introduced color into scratches. In order to be considered courageous and feared by their enemies, they would use sharpened awls or thorns or the bone of a bird or a fish to engrave or decorate their bodies. While the punctures which form the designs were fresh and bleeding, they would rub in charcoal or some other black color which mixed with the blood and penetrated the

Analytic Interpretation of The Love Song by J.Alfred Prufrock Essay

Analytic Interpretation of The Love Song by J.Alfred Prufrock - Essay Example Therefore, the ultimate thrust of this research will be to draw inference on and summarize the means, whereby symbolism is adequately and effectively employed within the poem by underscoring the means by which it is utilized within a brief stanza. For purposes of the analysis, the following stanza has been selected for the close reading: And would it have been worth it, after all, After the cups, the marmalade, the tea, Among the porcelain, among some talk of you and me, Would it have been worthwhile,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  90 To have bitten off the matter with a smile, To have squeezed the universe into a ball To roll it toward some overwhelming question, To say: â€Å"I am Lazarus, come from the dead, Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all†Ã¢â‚¬â€   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  95 If one, settling a pillow by her head,   Ã‚  Should say: â€Å"That is not what I meant at all;   Ã‚  That is not it, at all.† (Eliot 2) Within the time that was writ ten, Eliot was not alone in seeking to display and symbolize a level of fragile broken humanity. Although it is not the purpose of this brief analysis to go into a great detail as for the level of influence that the First World War and a clean break from prior Victorian restrictions on nearly every aspect of life had with regards to culture, these should nonetheless be realized. T. S. Eliot, as well as many of his contemporaries, was practically fascinated by the very fragile nature that humanity illustrated ultimately. With regards to the close reading of that stanza above, this fragility is aptly demonstrated to the reader by means of the inconclusive and unsure nature that the speaker illustrates. Whereas the entire porn represent this uncertainty and self-doubt, the following passage portrays the manner in which the speaker wrestles with himself, emotions and feelings of love, lust, and integration with the idea of fate. The speaker says, â€Å"And would it have been worth it, after all,/After the cups, the marmalade, the tea,/Among the porcelain, among some talk of you and me,/Would it have been worth the while† (Eliot 2). In such a way, the reader can see the self-doubt and fragile nature of the psyche that is exhibited within the previous lines. Rather than being able to examine the situation and come to a determination whether he should or should not pursue the relationship, the speaker exhibits his own self-doubt and vacillates incessantly whether happiness or regret will be the end result. Another unique aspect of symbolism that the above passage relates to is the changing nature of gender roles that existed at the time the point was panned. Upon the conclusion of the First World War, an entire generation of young men returned to a society that was drastically different from the one they had left upon joining the armed forces. This difference was exhibited in a number of ways; however, one of the most noticeable was the level and extent to whi ch women were integrated into the society and the workforce (Lowe 66). As a result of this rapid cultural and societal shift, many individuals experienced something of cultural whiplash within the society. In tandem with the horrors of war, many men came to feel emasculated due to the fact that women now occupied many positions in the society and the workforce; also many cultural freedoms, that previously had been their own, were exhibited by women. Although this can hardly be referred to as a form of emasculation, key

A Range Of Problems In The Future Essay Example for Free

A Range Of Problems In The Future Essay ‘The world will have to grapple with a range of problems in the future’ The world will inevitably change as time continues to expose the past’s perception of the future to the now. As the earth ages, generations to come adapt to the new world they perceive to be as It is near impossible for every parent to educate their young on everything they have ever learned; thus attitudes and morals are continually fluctuating. It is undeniable that it has already affected society it is evident throughout today’s problems that were never pondered upon by older generations such as the rapid advances in technology. The future can only change, and will encounter many dilemmas along the way. Earth already has an overwhelming number of human inhabitants, and the world’s population continues to increase. Many people do not want to acknowledge the problem, but ignorance will not change the inevitable consequences of overpopulation. No animal species can exist without adequate food, water, shelter and other essential resources and humans are not exempt from this rule. When the human population exceeds the resources needed to sustain it, the same thing that happens to any overpopulated species; nature will reduce the population through famine, disease, interspecies fighting or a combination of either one. That reality has already affecting people in some Third World countries. Because of cultural, political and religious attitudes, almost no world leader is willing to acknowledge the problem, much less take the necessary steps to resolve it. The underlying cause of almost every environmental problem in the world today is human overpopulation. Air pollution, water shortages, habitat loss, extinctions, and invasive species all are caused or intensified from having too many people in the world. Humans are unique among all animal species in having the ability to solve even a monumental problem like overpopulation. This awareness is existent in George Orwell’s ‘1984’, the effects of extreme totalitarian society have stripped society’s resources and forced them to live in a dystopian environment full of pollution and overpopulation. Such a situation of local overpopulation has existed since the dawn of humanity and is slowly becoming a global existential problem. Technology today has transformed the world and changed how people live in their day to day lives. As advances in technology are generally perceived to be an advantage, it can enable the most malevolent evil. The realm of communications has likewise seen immense change. People are provided with new ways to communicate with each other, such as email and instant messaging which can pose as a breach of privacy if used for the wrong intentions. Documents placed on the internet are sources of information for the rest of the world, and will forever leave a digital footprint. Global positioning satellites allow us to track our exact location and find our way to various destinations; such accessible conveniences can alter the future in foretelling ways. George Orwell’s ‘1984, illustrates a dystopian society ruled by a totalitarian government. This extreme realization portrays a government with absolute power, in which controls every aspect of human life using a number of dehumanising techniques. Orwell’s dark vision poses as a foreshadowing notice, which thoroughly explores the consequences of advanced technology and its misuse. As Oceania’s mechanical citizens are constantly monitored using microphones and surveillance, expunges their right to privacy and to make choices. It is clear that the innovations of technology could escalate out of control, leaving society with no defence against it. Thus, it will ultimately destroy humanity in the pursuit of absolute power. The discovery of DNA has the possibility to lead to major social and scientific issues in society. With new advances in technology, there are increases in the consequences that the new technology will allow. It is evident in Andrew Niccol’s film ‘Gattaca’ that the more powerful genetic engineering becomes the more helpful and harmful it develops. The film depicts a society ruled by ‘genoism’, where your genetics decide your social class in the world with a stressed need for perfectionism. This depressing image where there is no determinism for fate or influence for ethical standards eliminates the right for freedom of choice, that people freely and obliviously exhaust today. The consequences of selective breeding solutions are frequently addressed in past and modern literature. In ‘Jurassic Park’, a scientist exhumes and modifies dinosaur DNA to then create an island inhabited by dinosaurs. Consequently, the impact of unnaturally producing a breed that has been extinct for a long period of time threatened the rest of  the human race’s existence. It is clear that such meticulous science created in the wrong hands has the potential to impact the world permanently. Similarly, a frightening futuristic concept that threatens to dominate society is totalitarianism. The objective of totalitarian government is to limit and regulate every aspect of public and private life. George Orwell’s novel, ‘1984’, exemplifies a society lacking in freedom and expression. His fictional society in the year 1984 stands as a metaphor for a totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and national loyalty are controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep society from rebelling. The concept of also controlling the personal beliefs of the citizens promotes totalitarianism by limiting the form of any emotional or individual expression. The citizens of Oceania were forced to work long days which limited self-expression because they were too exhausted to do anything else. Oceania, where protagonist Winston Smith lives, is ruled by the INGSOC. â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU†, the main party slogan of Oceania which makes clear that every action you make is all seen by Big Brother, the big leader. The Inner Party, controlled by Big Brother, dictates several aspects of the people’s life. As a society, Oceania are completely brain washed by the continuous propaganda which is based on false news, a new language which reduces the capacity of using words in a double sensed way named Newspeak and indoctrination, this newborn dialect empowers and respects INGSOC. The overall concept is designed to control personal beliefs of the citizens by limiting their form of expression. Essentially, controlling the communication aligns with the Totalitarian aspects of governing. George Orwell envisioned the lack of communication could possibly result to total dominance and control of the people. As civilization moves toward the point where human life will be irreversibly transformed, it will also have to overcome the potential problems that are carried along with any advancement in technology and government. All of these possibilities portray a pessimistic view of the future which has the potential to accrue into tremendous issues of whom the world will have to grapple.

Protection From Abuse And Neglect :: essays research papers

Protection From Abuse and Neglect I have recently been elected in a new statewide project in Minnesota to create and provide leadership in a small scale voluntary association for children . The focus of the small scale association is based on the United Nations General Assembly that adopted a Convention on the rights of the Child. It is a program to provide information and knowledge on the substantive right for "Protection from abuse and neglect" designed specifically for children. The right states that " the State shall protect the child from all forms of maltreatment by parents or others responsible for the care of the child and establish appropriate social programs for the prevention of abuse and the treatment of victim". The purpose of the new state-wide small scale association is to inform children through first-hand knowledge and example on the protection from abuse and neglect. The substantive right is very important for children to know and understand in case they, or someone they know is ever involved in an abusive situation. The small scale association is limited to children so they can feel free to express their experiences and ask questions openly to others without having to worry about adult supervision. This may interest children to comment on situations and on general conversation that they normally would be scared to ask their parents. I feel that this is relevant to children in today's society because these situations of abuse and neglect occur in many households, and children either do not know their rights or fail to take action to them. The kinds of topics and issues discussed in the association and in connection with children's rights will vary according to importance. The beginning stages of the meetings will consist of examples and definitions of what abuse and neglect constitute. We will then as a group apply what we know to everyday situations in which these forms of maltreatment by parents or others responsible for them. Next we would apply these situations to the substantive right for Children according to what the United Nations Generally assemble established. In connection with the "Bill of Rights" and through discussion, children will learn that they might have been involved in a situation of abuse or neglect and failed to realize it. This gets aback to the focus of the small scale association which is to inform children what the "Protection from abuse and neglect" really means and what they can do about it. After the early stages of the meetings where we introduce the substantive right, the group will become further involved in field trips and

How does conan doyle use setting in the hound of the baskervilles? Essay

The novel ‘Hound of the Baskervilles’ is a murder mystery novel based on an ancient legend of a ghostly dog that’s haunting one family. It is thought to be something supernatural that gives the book a sinister atmosphere created well by the author. The book was published as a serial in 1901 and went on to be extremely successful. The author uses plenty of contrast in the description of the inside of Baskerville Hall, but it still comes across as sinister ‘my word it isn’t a very cheerful place’ is Sir Henry’s initial reaction to it. Conan Doyle creates atmosphere in the mansion by using objects ‘The door clanged heavily behind us’ clanging heavy doors gives the impression of a haunted mansion, and also shows that it is silent enough in the mansion to hear it loudly, another example of an object creating atmosphere ‘numerous candles did something to remove the sombre impression’ saying that the house is scary, but the decoration is uplifting. ‘Long shadows trailed down the walls and hung like a black canopy’ ‘like a black canopy’ is a simile, this use of imagery really adds to the effect of indirect eeriness. It gets described also as a ‘fine apartment’ showing that it is scary because of what it is thought to represent (the curse of the Baskervilles) but it is actually a lovely house. The thing that really makes the mansion scary is the fact that the author does not describe it as a big run down haunted mansion, it is actually a very nice house but with a dark and eerie atmosphere because of the past and the authors subtle comments make it seem scarier such as ‘a dull light shone through heavy mullioned windows’ because there is nothing specifically sinister about the description, it is just not positive as it is not a bright light, and the heavy windows give the impression of a sort of jail or church which gives the effect of a dark, claustrophobic atmosphere. The descriptions of the outside of Baskerville hall the author makes are nothing but negative such as ‘The house glimmered like a ghost at the end’ this is a simile and it is scary as the thought of a house glimmering gives a dominating feel, as it seems like everything else is dark, and they can just see the lit up house at the end and the use of the word ‘ghost’ gives a supernatural feel which gives the reader a fear of the unknown. Sir Henry says ‘there is no wonder my uncle felt that trouble was coming’ which shows that his first impression from the outside is frightening. He describes ‘weather bitten pillars’ which shows that they do not get great weather down there and that the pillars must have been there for a while, therefore showing the house is old and most typical haunted houses are old. The journey up to the mansion a number of scary encounters occur such as ‘Trees shot their branches in a sombre tunnel above our heads’ the word sombre means gloomy or dark so it is saying that it is dimly lit under the trees. The bad weathering outside the house is shown in descriptions like ‘A ruin of black granite’ this is saying that it is ancient as you associate ruins with ancient landmarks. Another example of Conan Doyle using weathering is ‘Broken fringe of rocks’ this says that they are broken, and as a result look unattractive and unwelcoming. Conan Doyle uses sounds to add effect such as ‘A rustle of ivy on the wall’ this shows that the wind is blowing, and ivy is a plant that consumes the house. The moor is what the story is mostly based around; it is portrayed as a sad, deserted place which is shown when Conan Doyle describes it as ‘Grey, melancholy hill, with a strange jagged summit’ grey is a bland, cold and sad colour, and melancholy means depressed. The author also describes it as ‘Forbidding moor’ this is threatening as not only is it scary as it is, forbidding makes it seem like they are not allowed there. The author normally does the moor scenes when it is dark which creates suspense as bad things typically happen at night, he often uses the moon to express that it is night time for example ‘His eyes shining brightly in the moonlight’ the moonlight is reflecting off of his eyes which makes it mysterious and also ‘The moon shone on it and it looked like a great shimmering ice field’ this is a simile, and ice is cold, which makes it scarier and it is as if everything else is out of sight other than the moonlit moor. Another example of Conan Doyle trying to show it is night time is ‘Emerged into the clear, star-lit night’ which sets the scene and the word emerged is scary because he has appeared out of the thick fog, but they do not know what else is among it, something dangerous may not be able to be seen. ‘Bronzing bracken and mottled brambles gleamed in the light of the sinking sun’ the sun is setting representing loss of light and night approaching therefore something terrifying is more likely to happen. ‘Behind the peaceful and sunlit countryside’ the sunlit area is described as peaceful as light is not a typical setting for eeriness. ‘The gloomy curve of the moor, broken by the jagged and sinister hills’ gloomy, jagged and sinister are all negative words. The moor however is not just eerie at night as it is just on the whole which the author clearly tries to make a point of ‘after these autumn rains it is an awful place’ this makes the moor seem horrible as rain is disgusting weather and this shows the moor will be marshy. ‘A dreadful cry echoed over the moor’ the fact that the cry echoes shows that the moor is a wide-open space as sound travels further in empty areas, the fact that the moor also has the mysterious and sinister grimpen mire in it makes it seem like it has a more supernatural side to it, the description ‘Houses of these forgotten folk; with their graves and huge monoliths’ shows that death is in the moor because of the gravestones and empty houses and also shows desertion. So all in all, the surroundings that the author chose for the novel has many elements that encourage fear in the reader; the open spaces, the fog on the moor, the time of day he uses for the events in the story for example; night and sunset are both associated with bad goings on. The reader immediately connects these times of day with frightening things. In the novel the author describes objects and the scenery in such a way that they are representative of fearful images. The setting is mostly scary throughout but not too obviously otherwise it would lessen the effect Conan Doyle has made which is of subtle horror, sometimes the scenery is described as pleasant to make you feel as though the place is not scary but a supernatural going on, like a haunting is happening. All of these factors contribute to the atmosphere that he greatly creates.

Speaker Observation Paper

On Monday April 18th the Dublin Library, in celebration of Earth Day, hosted environmental educator, activist, and author Dr. Linda Riebel. In her presentation she introduced the new edition of her book; The Earth Friendly Food Chain under the new title; The Green Foodprint. Her topic was on food choices for healthy people and a healthy planet. The purpose of her speech was to show how anyone-of any lifestyle-can become an earth friendly eater. The presentation was held in a small room in the Library and the audience turnout was surprisingly minimal. There were a total of four adults that attended. Despite the partially empty room, the speaker was able captivate the audience instantly by opening with a personal experience story about how a Safari trip to Africa ultimately changed her life and as a result she became vegetarian. Dr. Riebel began her speech by proclaiming, with enthusiasm, that the â€Å"Food Movement† has started. In the introduction of her speech she reveals her credibility on the subject. Dr. Linda Riebel is not only a vegetarian, but she also is a Psychologist, Eating Disorder Specialist, and Author of the acclaimed book, Eating to Save the Earth: Food Choices for a Healing Planet. She emphasizes that her speech would not dwell on the bad and negative but rather, focus on the solutions. The solution, she previewed, is already in movement; organic food, local food, meatless options and family farms. At her conclusion she reaffirms that what’s good for the planet and it’s creatures is also good for humans. She concludes by reiterating the good and positive, in that people are moving in the right direction. To further her message, she left the audience with information on where to find local farms, stores, restaurants, and more, for healthy sustainable foods. She pointed out the benefit of having a diverse system of agriculture that takes advantage of our local area's resources, tradition, and taste. Also, she was proud to announce that the City of Dublin is launching a new seasonal farmers' market beginning May 12. In addition to having the freshest in California-grown produce, she states, it will have different â€Å"theme weeks† every month to showcase a variety of the local talent and attractions. In her speech, Dr. Riebel, pointed out that; just as we have a carbon footprint, we also have a â€Å"foodprint â€Å"as well. Our â€Å"foodprint†, she explained, is the way in which our food system's contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change through the production, processing, packaging, shipping, storage and disposal of food. First she explains some of the environmental problems we are facing right now. This included some information on how we are depleting our water. A vast underground reserve called the Ogallala Aquifer supports over one-fifth of the irrigated cropland in the United States and in the last forty years, farmers have pumped massive amounts of water from the aquifer. While the need for water continues to grow, the amount available decreases rapidly. In some areas, farmers are consuming the groundwater at more than twice the rate of natural recharge. She also talks about the agricultural use of some rainforest land and how this habitat destruction affects wildlife today. Many commercial agricultural projects are still carried out on rainforest lands, although many of these revert to cattle pasture after soils are depleted. She also made it a point to discuss pesticides. She began this topic with an interesting history of the original use of pesticides. Their mass introduction into farming 70 years ago, along with petrochemically-derived fertilizers, set U. S. farming down a costly and unsustainable path. Along the way, community-scale farming was nearly destroyed, generations have suffered ill health ranging from cancer to autism and Parkinson’s, biodiversity has taken big hits, and the six mega-corporations who dominate the pesticide industry have gotten very rich and very powerful. She speaks of hope in that an organization called PAN( Pesticide Action Network) promotes the elimination of highly hazardous pesticides and offers solutions that protect people and the environment. PAN works to loosen the pesticide industry’s control over global agriculture by holding accountable governmental bodies that are charged with regulating pesticides. Dr. Riebel used a PowerPoint as her presentational aid. The PowerPoint presentation had appropriate graphics, appropriate font for ease of reading, appropriate layout of graphics and graphics were in good taste. The slides were very informative and did not take away from the overall presentation. She included pictures and quotes that got my attention. She also used her new book The Green Foodprint to refer to many of her points. This made me want to buy her book to learn more. She did a good job of relating the topic to current issues of today. The fact that she gave her speech in honor of Earth Day showed how she was trying to adapt her speech to this occasion. She was able to present her message with facts and information in a language that was easily understandable for the audience. She explained unfamiliar terms and concepts and was able to relate her message to the audience by enticing questions and answers from them. Her speech was enlightening and somewhat of a shock, considering some of the surprising facts she stated. The audience responded with awareness and interest. The speaker did a great job with her delivery. She had confidence and poise. She used specific topics that had relevant value, she maintained accuracy in her statements, and she provided additional clarifying material. Her poise was shown by her controlled voice. The volume in her voice was loud enough to be comfortably heard. Her use of power, pace and pitch was appropriate for the emotion or thought she was trying to express. For example, when she was trying to entice empathy from the audience when discussing the inhumane treatment of animals, she spoke slowly, and with compassion. She expressed a more enthusiastic delivery, specifically when she talked about the solutions such as shopping local and going organic. Her use of enthusiasm was appropriate to motivate and persuade the audience to make a change. She was able to stress important words such as â€Å"Foodprint† and â€Å"Organic† when presenting principal ideas. She maintained a technique of proper pausing to punctuate, to change thought or for emphasis. Her personal appearance showed proper attire and grooming. She had proper posture by standing straight and not fidgeting her hands. She did not show inappropriate facial expressions and was able to maintain eye contact with audience by directly addressing them. She exerted a warmth feeling, manifested in her facial expression and tone of voice. She had a conversational delivery which she utilized conversational expressions. She used her body to make descriptive gestures and emphatic gestures. This delivery was very effective because the audience was included. She successfully came across as well informed and educated on the topic. The urgency in her voice enticed the idea of change, especially in relation to the concept of Earth Day, and all the people in support of maintaining a healthy planet while eating healthy. Overall, I enjoyed this speech greatly. The speaker was very organized and confident in what she was saying. The urgency in her tone made me want to be part in the movement to creating a healthier planet and food. The delivery was very effective and it gave me a greater awareness about the food I eat and where it comes from and what’s in it. As she first stated in the beginning of the speech, that she would focus on the positive , she was successful in creating awareness of the solutions all around us.

Legal literacy Solicitors Journal - Emphasis

Legal literacy Solicitors Journal Legal literacy Solicitors Journal As a solicitor, its likely that youre a skilled oral communicator. But if youre less than confident when it comes to writing, youre not alone. Many professionals havent received formal writing training and instead rely on copying the style of their predecessors. Unfortunately, traditional legal writing contains many archaic, wordy phrases, which can be a little perplexing for the average person. Communicating complex legal ideas isnt always easy. But youre treading on rocky ground if you dont pay attention to your reader. If your client finds your written documents vague, hard to understand or confusing, they may call elsewhere next time. Alternatively, they may begin to mistrust you or suspect that you are hiding something. Keeping it clear and simple The modern alternative is to opt for plain language a move that is becoming increasingly popular within the legal profession. For instance, Nabarro recently launched a high-profile, firm-wide Clarity Matters campaign to simplify the way it writes. The firm is working towards writing all its contracts in plain English. Its also provided specialist writing-skills training for all its fee earners and legal secretaries, as well as for many of its support staff. Other firms, such as SJ Berwin, DLA Piper and CMS Cameron McKenna, have also commissioned specialist writing-training programmes. What is plain language? Crucially, plain language is not about dumbing down or patronising the reader. Instead, it takes technical, difficult or complex ideas and communicates them in a structured, easy-to-read way. The first step is to think about your reader and avoid a one size fits all approach. Pick the best words to communicate your thoughts, depending on whether your reader is a lawyer or a layperson. At each stage, ask yourself whether they would be able to instantly understand what you mean. Plain language also means including technical language where necessary. Its about being precise and clarifying your points. A new legal language Its not only laypeople who are reaping the benefits of plain language programmes. An American study by law professor Joseph Kimble asked judges to state whether they preferred legal paragraphs written in plain English or traditional style. The majority of judges preferred the plain language versions. The message is that its worth making the extra effort to gain your readers trust by ensuring that your written communication is clear. All you need are the right tools and a little attention to detail. Here are the five major mistakes solicitors make and ways to fix them. Mistake one: unnecessary words, such as therein, herein, forthwith and aforesaid Poor prose: I herein enclose the contract for the aforesaid book, as requested Better prose: I enclose the contract for the book, as requested. Even better prose: Here is the contract for the book you requested. The herein and aforesaid in this example are just unnecessary and make the sentence sound archaic and stilted. Replacing them makes the sentence much more readable. Note that often as in this case it also makes it easier to edit the sentence further. Mistake two: verbosity Poor prose: Pursuant to the recent communication of the improper proposal that the information be falsified, such assertion could only have been ascertained or appreciated from a full, detailed review of the meeting notes. Better prose: The claim that the information was falsified is wrong. This would have been clear if a detailed review of the meeting notes had been conducted. The author of the first example is more than a little disgruntled. But the message is hidden behind too much flowery language. The second suggestion gets to the heart of the problem and makes the meaning clear. Note that the author uses the passive voice in the second example to soften the blow. You dont always have to use the active voice (see mistake four); just make sure that if you do use it, you do so consciously. Mistake three: using nouns instead of verbs Poor prose: In the case of X, we believe the company is in possession of a structure that would be acceptable for securitisation. Better prose: X possesses [or has] a structure that is acceptable for securitisation. Possession is a noun, whereas possesses is a verb. Verbs create action in the sentence which moves the pace along and helps keep the readers interest. We believe has also been taken out as the sentence already asserts the writers belief. Mistake four: overuse of the passive voice Poor prose: The role played by the client in the project has been investigated. Better prose: X investigated the clients role in the project. The first example doesnt tell us who investigated the role, creating a very impersonal tone. Using the active voice makes the writing easier to read. It also forces you to say who or what (the agent) is taking the action. The second example is more specific, which makes the reader feel connected to whats happening. Of course, the passive voice can also be useful when you dont want to admit responsibility for an action. Mistake five: long, complex sentences and paragraphs Poor prose: As per earlier correspondence, I have attached the quotes that we have obtained from three firms (a) Hooke, Lyne and Siennker (contacts David Hooke and Franz Siennker) (This is separate from the law firm but forms part of the same group, and also has a different administrative team)(b) Edna Clouds (contacts Clare Edna and Michael Clouds) and (c) Maybey Knott who are a limited company (the contacts there are Noel Maybey and James Knott). Better prose: Following our previous correspondence, I have attached quotes from three firms. The contacts for Hooke, Lyne and Siennker are David Hooke and Franz Siennker. Please note that this firm has a separate administration team, even though it is part of the same group. Edna Clouds contacts are Clare Edna and Michael Clouds. Maybey Knott Ltds contacts are Noel Maybey and James Knott. A sentence more than three lines is far too long. In the first example, there are also too many brackets and too much information squeezed in one space, which can become confusing. The second example takes out all the brackets and sets everything out much more clearly. Remember, writing clearly can save you both time and money. It may mean a bit of extra effort, but it may well pay dividends. Robert Ashton is Chief Executive of Emphasis, the specialist business writing trainers.

Characterization of Zaroff In Richard Connells T Essays - Fiction

Characterization of Zaroff In Richard Connell's "The Most Dangerous Game" 1) In "The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell, the antagonist, General Zaroff, can best be described as sadistic, arrogant, and manipulative. 2) The worst trait of Zaroff is his arrogance. 3) He claims that he is superior to other people of different races and that because he is strong, it's his job to abolish the weak. 4) This idea is expressed when Zaroff states, "...Life is for the strong, and, if need be, taken by the strong. The weak of the world were put here to give the strong pleasure... I hunt the scum of the earth - sailors from tramp ships - lascars, blacks, Chinese, whites, mongrels- ..." 5) This shows that Zaroff not only acts arrogantly, but also is sadistic. 6) His demented mind forces him to believe that it is moral to hunt all living creatures, when in fact, he's actually committing murder. 7) The worst part is that Zaroff considers his hobby of hunting other humans amusing. 8) Another trait of Zaroff is that he is extremely manipulative. 9) In other words, he can get other people to do exactly what he wants them to do without that person realizing that he is getting brainwashed. 10) For example, the general pretends to be very civilized and generous thus, people start to trust Zaroff, but as soon as Zaroff's victims feel comfortable around him, he forces them to play his "game". 11) This usually ends up in death for General Zaroff's poor captives. 12) Therefore, we can see that the antagonist in the short story "The Most Dangerous Game" is not only sadistic and arrogant, but also manipulative.

How Triple Constraint Impacts Projects Term Paper

How Triple Constraint Impacts Projects - Term Paper Example Scope (Quality): refers to the requirements and functionality that are discussed and thus set in the requirements phase with the client. Any changes in the scope in the later stages of the project cause a diverse effect on the project since the resources are assigned as per the needs of the discussed scope of the project. The outcome of the project can be judged by the scope of the project. Cost (resources): The cost of the project is estimated with respect to the man-hours that will be spent on the project, number of resources that will be assigned on it and the cost of the materials that will be used in the project. Time (schedule): The total time period of any project is analyzed in the smallest detail. The components are analyzed with respect to the different tasks that might be needed to complete it and the amount of time that might be needed for those tasks. The accumulation of the duration of the different components tasks amounts to the total time required for project completion. It is the job of the project manager to manage these triple constraints in the project so that the needs of the clients are fulfilled in the most appropriate manner. Some of these constraints might be compromised in order to deliver the other constraint. These are good measures of the success of any project since these three elements are the most vital and quantifiable aspects. These are also good indicators for a successful project because they can fit any project of any kind. Jessica (2008) stated an example regarding the triple constraints; some clients signed a boat contract with a boat manufacturing company. The company takes a year to make the boat but these clients want the boat to be delivered within 9 months with a budget of $100,000. The time (schedule) of the project is fixed since the clients want the boat to be delivered

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example The contemporary marketing is largely influenced by technology, competition, globalization and customers’ ever-changing specific requirements. Therefore, a marketer has to foresee how these significant variables can impact its marketing domain and how they can effectively be managed in order its marketing activities to be successful and to help it create long-term sustainable competitive advantage. This paper presents a marketing plan for ‘Green Pizza Restaurant’ in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, comprising of major marketing and situational analysis and relevant description of marketing objectives and marketing strategies. This paper uses SWOT analysis and PEST for analyzing both internal and external environmental factors to the business. With relation to marketing objective, segmentation, target market and positioning strategy (STP) and marketing mix strategy including its sub-elements of product, price, promotion and place are detailed in this paper. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 SITUATION ANALYSIS (Internal to the company) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Company’s mission, objectives and growth strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ... 9 Competitor Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 The Economic Environment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Technology Environment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Social and cultural environment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 SWOT Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Marketing Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 DEVELOPING MARKETING STRATEGIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Pizza Products and its use †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Segmentation Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Targeting Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Positioning Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Product Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Pricing Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Promotional Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Supply Chain Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦ 20 IMPLEMENTING AND CONTROLLING THE MARKETING PLAN†¦ 20 Action plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Budget †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Time Line †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Evaluation and measuring the performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Introduction Planning is an extremely important and critical element to successfully performing a marketing or any other

Who needs Superstars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who needs Superstars - Essay Example A corporate superstar is someone that shines above al of the rest and the article refers to the fact that there is not enough talent in corporate America. There are the Bill Gates and the Donald Trumps of the business world but every organization needs their own Gates and Trumps and having just one in the organization is not enough. However, Article 18 points out that the Gates and Trumps of the corporate world are rare. The article likens them to unicorns, the mythical beast with special powers and explains that many corporations dedicate their resources to discovering a unicorn. It also examines the fact that there are not enough unicorns out there and presents a solution to this problem. There article also includes a discussion of what a corporation has to do with the unicorn once they find it. If one of these corporate superstars is expected to perform to their capabilities and display their talent they must be challenged. The difficulty in this is that talent is so rare it is easier for an organization to dedicate their resources to working with a group of normal individuals to acquire talent out of the group of them. Article 18 also details the problems that organizations have with structure. It describes initiative programs put into motion by corporations but and also details how most times these initiatives are not followed through with. It is necessary for the talent in the company to be challenged in order for them to prosper but Article 18 points out that in most companies this is not done. Application The premise of talent can be applied to my life and my place of work. Where I work everyone does what they are supposed to do to keep their jobs and not much more. I work with some very intelligent people who actually are probably very talented. However, their talent does not rise to the top because they are not challenged. I believe that there is routine in the workplace and this gives an atmosphere for mediocrity. The work environment is one of routine and if initiatives were given and followed through with, I think that more people might go the extra step and their true talent and potential would surface. I think that potential is a very important word in this discussion because its as if not enough people perform to their potential. At my workplace, the employees walk around like robots and do their tasks in a routine manner giving nothing extra. However, it is important to point out that hard work is not rewarded in the company I work for. That brings up another point that needs to be addressed and that is does hard work have to be rewarded or should it be expected I feel that talented people in an organization are those individuals that put one hundred percent effort into everything that do. I also that they do this not to be rewarded but because that is how they perform and that is what makes them talented. The problem is how to get the talent out of people. The question that is being examined in this portion is how to apply this premise to a place of work. As I pointed out my placer of work is filled with individuals who do what is expected of them and nothing more. Would initiatives work I believe some motivation would be helpful but as Article 18 pointed out an initiative program needs structure and must be followed through with. I think that at my place of work there would be no structure to an initiative plan. I do feel it would be embraced at the beginning but would eventually fade out and everyone's attitude would be back to where it is now. This brings up the point of being rewarded and expecting it. I know all

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay Introduction: In the past many use to consider that the numbers of the type 2p-1 were prime for all primes numbers which is p, but when Hudalricus Regius (1536) clearly established that 211-1 = 2047 was not prime because it was divisible by 23 and 83 and later on Pietro Cataldi (1603) had properly confirmed about 217-1 and 219-1 as both give prime numbers but also inaccurately declared that 2p-1 for 23, 29, 31 and 37 gave prime numbers. Then Fermat (1640) proved Cataldi was wrong about 23 and 37 and Euler (1738) showed Cataldi was also incorrect regarding 29 but made an accurate conjecture about 31. Then after this extensive history of this dilemma with no accurate result we saw the entry of Martin Mersenne who declared in the introduction of his Cogitata Physica-Mathematica (1644) that the numbers 2p-1 were prime for:- p= 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 67, 127 and 257 and for  other positive integers where p So simply the definition is when 2p-1 forms a prime number it is recognized to be a Mersenne prime. Many years later with new numbers being discovered belonging to Mersenne Primes there are still many fundamental questions about Mersenne primes which remain unresolved. It is still not identified whether Mersenne primes is infinite or finite. There are still many aspects, functions it performs and applications of Mersenne primes that are still unfamiliar With this concept in mind the focus of my extended essay would be: What are Mersenne Primes and it related functions? The reason I choose this topic was because while researching on my extended essay topics and I came across this part which from the beginning intrigued me and it gave me the opportunity to fill this gap as very little was taught about these aspects in our school and at the same time my enthusiasm to learn something new through research on this topic. Through this paper I will explain what are Mersenne primes and certain theorems, related to other aspects and its application that are related with it. Theorems Related to Mersenne Primes: p is prime only if 2p  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is prime. Proof: If p is composite then it can be written as p=x*y with x, y > 1. 2xy-1= (2x-1)*(1+2x+22x+23x+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..+2(b-1)a) Thus we have got 2xy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 as a product of integers > 1. If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be 1 plus a multiple of 2n. This holds even when 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is prime. Examples: Example I: 25 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 31 is prime, and 31 is multiple of (2ÃÆ'-5) +1 Example II: 211 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 23ÃÆ'-89, where 23 = 1 + 2ÃÆ'-11, and 89 = 1 + 8ÃÆ'-11. Proof: If m divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 then 2n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). By Fermats Theorem we know that 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). Assume n and m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 are comparatively prime which is similar to Fermats Theorem that states that (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)(n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n). Hence there is a number x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)(n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2) for which (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) ·x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n), and thus a number k for which (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) ·x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = kn. Since 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power x gives 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1, and since 2n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power k gives 2kn à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1. Thus 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x/2kn = 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ kn à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). But by meaning, ( m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ kn = 1 which implies that 21 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m) which means that m divides 1. Thus the first conjecture that n and m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 are relatively prime is unsustainable. Since n is prime m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 have to be a multiple of n. Note: This information provides a confirmation of the infinitude of primes different from Euclids Theorem which states that if there were finitely many primes, with n being the largest, we have a contradiction because every prime dividing 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be larger than n. If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be congruent to +/-1 (mod 8). Proof: 2n + 1 = 2(mod m), so 2(n + 1) / 2 is a square root of 2 modulo m. By quadratic reciprocity, any prime modulo which 2 has a square root is congruent to +/-1 (mod 8). A Mersenne prime cannot be a Wieferich prime. Proof: We show if p = 2m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is a Mersenne prime, then the congruence does not satisfy. By Fermats Little theorem, m | p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1. Now write, p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = mÃŽÂ ». If the given congruence satisfies, then p2 | 2mÃŽÂ » à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1, therefore Hence 2m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 | ÃŽÂ », and therefore . This leads to , which is impossible since . The Lucas-Lehmer Test Mersenne prime are found using the following theorem: For n an odd prime, the Mersenne number 2n-1 is a prime if and only if 2n -1 divides S(p-1) where S(p+1) = S(p)2-2, and S(1) = 4. The assumption for this test was initiated by Lucas (1870) and then made into this straightforward experiment by Lehmer (1930). The progression S(n) is calculated modulo 2n-1 to conserve time.   This test is perfect for binary computers since the division by 2n-1 (in binary) can only be completed using rotation and addition. Lists of Known Mersenne Primes: After the discovery of the first few Mersenne Primes it took more than two centuries with rigorous verification to obtain 47 Mersenne primes. The following table below lists all recognized Mersenne primes:- It is not well-known whether any undiscovered Mersenne primes present between the 39th and the 47th from the above table; the position is consequently temporary as these numbers werent always discovered in their increasing order. The following graph shows the number of digits of the largest known Mersenne primes year wise. Note: The vertical scale is logarithmic. Factorization The factorization of a prime number is by meaning itself the prime number itself. Now if talk about composite numbers. Mersenne numbers are excellent investigation cases for the particular number field sieve algorithm, so frequently that the largest figure they have factorized with this has been a Mersenne number. 21039 1 (2007) is the record-holder after estimating took with the help of a couple of hundred computers, mostly at NTT in Japan and at EPFL in Switzerland and yet the time period for calculation was about a year. The special number field sieve can factorize figures with more than one large factor. If a number has one huge factor then other algorithms can factorize larger figures by initially finding the answer of small factors and after that making a primality test on the cofactor. In 2008 the largest Mersenne number with confirmed prime factors is 217029 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 418879343 ÃÆ'- p, where p was prime which was confirmed with ECPP. The largest with possible pr ime factors allowed is 2684127 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 23765203727 ÃÆ'- q, where q is a likely prime. Generalization: The binary depiction of 2p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is the digit 1 repeated p times. A Mersenne prime is the base 2 repunit primes. The base 2 depiction of a Mersenne number demonstrates the factorization example for composite exponent. Examples in binary notation of the Mersenne prime would be: 25à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 = 111112 235à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 = (111111111111111111111111111111)2 Mersenne Primes and Perfect Numbers Many were anxious with the relationship of a two sets of different numbers as two how they can be interconnected. One such connection that many people are concerned still today is Mersenne primes and Perfect Numbers. When a positive integer that is the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of the positive divisors excluding the number itself then is it said to be known as Perfect Numbers. Equivalently, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors. There are said to be two types of perfect numbers: 1) Even perfect numbers- Euclid revealed that the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1): n = 2:    2(4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 6 n = 3:    4(8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 28 n = 5:    16(32 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 496 n = 7:    64(128 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 8128. Noticing that 2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is a prime number in each instance, Euclid proved that the formula 2nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2p  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is prime 2) Odd perfect numbers- It is unidentified if there might be any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to locate one or otherwise resolve the question of their existence. An example would be the first perfect number that is 6. The reason for this is so since 1, 2, and 3 are its proper positive divisors, and 1  +  2  +  3  =  6. Equivalently, the number 6 is equal to half the sum of all its positive divisors: (1  +  2  +  3  +  6)  /  2  =  6. Few Theorems related with Perfect numbers and Mersenne primes: Theorem One: z is an even perfect number if and only if it has the form 2n-1(2n-1) and 2n-1 is a prime. Suppose first that   p = 2n-1 is a prime number, and set l = 2n-1(2n-1).   To show l is perfect we need only show sigma(l) = 2l.   Since sigma is multiplicative and sigma(p) = p+1 = 2n, we know sigma(n) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(p) =  (2n-1)2n = 2l. This shows that l is a perfect number. On the other hand, suppose l is any even perfect number and write l as 2n-1m where m is an odd integer and n>2.   Again sigma is multiplicative so sigma(2n-1m) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(m) = (2n-1).sigma(m). Since l is perfect we also know that sigma(l) = 2l = 2nm. Together these two criteria give 2nm = (2n-1).sigma(m), so 2n-1 divides 2nm hence 2n-1 divides m, say m = (2n-1)M.   Now substitute this back into the equation above and divide by 2n-1 to get 2nM = sigma(m).   Since m and M are both divisors of m we know that 2nM = sigma(m) > m + M = 2nM, so sigma(m) = m + M.   This means that m is prime and its only two divisors are itself (m) and one (M).   Thus m = 2n-1 is a prime and we have prove that the number l has the prescribed form. Theorem Two: n will also be a prime if 2n-1 is a prime. Proof: Let r and s be positive integers, then the polynomial xrs-1 is xs-1 times xs(r-1) + xs(r-2) + + xs + 1.   So if n is composite (say r.s with 1 Theorem Three:   Let n and m be primes. If q divides Mn = 2n-1, then q = +/-1 (mod 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and  q = 2kn + 1 for some integer k. Proof: If p divides Mq, then 2q  =  1 (mod p) and the order of 2 (mod p) divides the prime q, so it must be q.   By Fermats Little Theorem the order of 2 also divides p-1, so p-1  =  2kq.   This gives 2(p-1)/2 = 2qk = 1 (mod p) so 2 is a quadratic residue mod p and it follows p = +/-1 (mod 8), which completes the proof. Theorem Four: If p = 3 (mod 4) be prime and then 2p+1 is also prime only if 2p+1 divides 2p-1. Proof: Suppose q = 2p+1 is prime. q  =  7 (mod  8) so 2 is a quadratic residue modulo q and it follows that there is an integer n such that n2  =  2 (mod  q). This shows 2p = 2(q-1)/2 = nq-1 = 1 (mod q), showing q divides Mp.       Conversely, let 2p+1 be a factor of Mp. Suppose, for proof by contradiction, that 2p+1 is composite and let q be its least prime factor. Then 2p  =  1 (mod  q) and the order of 2 modulo q divides both p and q-1, hence p divides q-1. This shows q  >  p and it follows (2p+1) + 1 > q2 > p2 which is a contradiction since p > 2. Theorem Five: When we add the digits of any even perfect number with the exception of 6 and then sum the digits of the resulting number and keep doing it again until we get a single digit which will be one. Examples. 28  ¬10  ¬ 1, 496  ¬ 19  ¬ 10  ¬ 1, and 8128  ¬ 19  ¬10  ¬ 1 Proof: Let s(n) be the sum of the digits of n. It is easy to see that s(n) = n (mod 9). So to prove the theorem, we need only show that perfect numbers are congruent to one modulo nine. If n is a perfect number, then n has the form 2p-1(2p-1) where p is prime which see in the above theorem one. So p is either 2, 3, or is congruent to 1 or 5 modulo 6. Note that we have excluded the case p=2 (n=6). Finally, modulo nine, the powers of 2 repeat with period 6 (that is, 26 = 1 (mod 9)), so modulo nine n is congruent to one of the three numbers 21-1(21-1), 23-1(23-1), or 25-1(25-1), which are all 1 (mod 9). Conjectures and Unsolved Problems: Does an odd perfect number exist?   We have so far known that even perfect numbers are 2n-1(2n-1)from the Theorem One above, but what about odd perfect numbers?   If there is an odd perfect number, then it has to follow certain conditions:- To be a perfect square times an odd power of a single prime; It is divisible by at least eight primes and has to have at least 75 prime factors with at least 9 distinct It has at least 300 decimal digits and it has a prime divisor greater that 1020. Are there infinite numbers of Mersenne primes?   The answer is probably yes because of the harmonic sequence deviation. The New Mersenne Conjecture: P. T. Bateman, J. L. Selfridge and Wagstaff, Jr., S. S., have conjectured the following:- Let n be any odd natural number. If two of the following statements hold, subsequently so does the third: n = 2p+/-1  Ã‚   or  Ã‚   n = 4p+/-3 2n-1 is a prime (2n+1)/3 is a prime. Are all Mersenne number 2n-1 square free? This is kind of like an open question to which the answer is still not known and hence it cannot be called a conjecture. It is simple to illustrate that if the square of a prime n divides a Mersenne, then p is a Wieferich prime which are uncommon!   Only two are acknowledged lower than 4,000,000,000,000 and none of these squared divide a Mersenne.    If C0 = 2, then let C1 = 2C0-1, C2 = 2C1-1, C3 = 2C2-1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then are all of these prime numbers?   Dickson Catalan (1876) responded to Lucas stating 2127-1 (which is C4) being a prime with this sequence: C0 = 2 (which is a prime) C1 = 3 (which is a prime) C2 = 7 (which is a prime) C3 = 127 (which is a prime) C4 = 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 (which is a prime) C5 > 1051217599719369681875006054625051616349 (is C5 a prime or not?) It looks as if it will not be very likely that C5 or further larger terms would be prime number.   If there is a single composite term in this series, then by theorem one each and every one of the following terms would be composite.   Are there more double-Mersenne primes? Another general misunderstanding was that if n=Mp is prime, then so is Mn; Lets assume this number Mn to be MMp which would be a double-Mersenne.  As we apply this to the first four such numbers we get prime numbers: MM2 = 2(4  -1) -1= 23-1  Ã‚   =  7 MM3 =  2(8-1)-1  Ã‚   =  127 MM5 =  2(32-1)-1  =  2147483647, MM7 =  2(128-1)-1 =  170141183460469231731687303715884105727. Application of Mersenne Prime: In computer science, unspecified p-bit integers can be utilized to express numbers up to Mp. In the mathematical problem Tower of Hanoi is where the Mersenne primes are used. It is a mathematical puzzle consisting of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks in ascending order of size on the first rod, the largest at the bottom to the smallest at the top. A diagram given below illustrates the Tower of Hanoi. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rules: Only one disk may be moved at a time. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod. No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk. Now to solve this game with a p-disc tower needs the minimum of Mp no of steps, where p is the no of disc used in the Tower of Hanoi and if we use the formula of Mersenne then we get the required result. An example of this would be if there were 5 discs involved in this Tower of Hanoi then the least number of steps required to finish this game would be 31 steps minimum. Conclusion After investigating the entire aspects, functions, and few applications of Mersenne Primes I believe that there is still many unsolved theories when it comes to Mersenne primes. These primes are also useful to investigates much further and deeper into the number system and help us to understand more sets of numbers such as Fermat prime, Wieferich prime, Wagstaff prime, Solinas prime etc.